Acids
- These turn blue litmus red
- Tastes Sour (e.g. Lemon, Vinegar)
- pH < 7 (25 degrees Celsius)
- Arrhenius -> Hydrogen ions in solution, $H^+$
Bases (Alkalis)
- These turn red litmus blue
- Tastes bitter
- Slippery
- pH > 7
- Arrhenius -> Hydroxide Ions in solution, $OH^-$
The 7 Strong Acids
Hydrochloric Acid - HCl
Nitric Acid - HNO3
Sulfuric Acid - H2SO4
Hydrobromic Acid - HBr
Hydroiodic Acid - HI
Chloric Acid - HClO3 (The chloric ion has a -1 charge)
Perchloric Acid - HClO4 (The perchloric ion has a -1 charge) 1
- Chloric acid - chloride salts manufacturing, match production, explosives production
- Hydrobromic acid - industrial cleaning products, lithographic printing, engraving
- Hydrochloric acid - stomach acid (aids in digestion), fireworks production, battery production
- Hydroiodic acid - acetic acid production, sanitizing medical tools, Industrial reducing agent
- Nitric acid - explosives production, ammonium nitrate (fertilizer), polyurethane production
- Perchloric acid - separating sodium from potassium, rocket fuel production, explosives production
- Sulfuric acid - drain cleaner ingredient, wastewater treatment, steel manufacturing
The Strong Bases
Lithium Hydroxide - LiOH
Sodium Hydroxide - NaOH
Potassium Hydroxide - KOH
Rubidium Hydroxide - RbOH
Cesium Hydroxide - CsOH
Calcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2
Strontium Hydroxide - Sr(OH)2
Barium Hydroxide - Ba(OH)2
And any other Group 1 and 2 hydroxides.
- Barium hydroxide - glass manufacturing, grease additive, pesticide production
- Calcium hydroxide - dental fillings, food processing (pickling lime), wastewater treatment
- Cesium hydroxide - electric storage batteries, metal production, radioactive waste clean-up
- Lithium hydroxide - lithium ion batteries, lubricant (grease) production, soap manufacturing
- Potassium hydroxide - desiccant, detergent ingredient, liquid fertilizer production
- Rubidium hydroxide - electric storage batteries, rubidium crystals production, wastewater treatment
- Sodium hydroxide - lye, drain cleaner ingredient, oven cleaner ingredient
- Strontium hydroxide - grease manufacturing, soap manufacturing, extracting sugar from beets
Standard Reactions
Ionic reactions are the most appropriate way of writing equation
Strong Acids -> Write as ions
Weak Acids -> Written in full form (Including molecules)
Acid/Metal
Acid + Metal -> Hydrogen + Salt
Acid/Carbonate
Metal Carbonate + Acid -> CO2 + H2O + Salt
Acid/Hydroxide
Acid + Metal Hydroxide -> Salt + Water
Acid/Oxide
Metal Oxide + Acid -> Salt + Water
Other Common Reactions
Ammonium Salt + Base -> NH3 + H2O
Metal Oxide + Non Metal Oxide
- E.g. Calcium Oxide reacting with carbon dioxide forming calcium carbonate
Base + Non Metal Oxide
- E.g. Sodium Hydroxide reacting with carbon dioxide forming sodium carbonate and water
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I don’t know, I need to specify because some other ions/molecules do some funky stuff when they disassociate. i.e. permanganate, chromate & dichromate -> to do with highest positive oxidation state… ↩